Modern alchemy – turning stock into cash

 

Stock turnover ratio equals cost of goods sold during a specific time frame, divided by the average stock holding during the period.

The result of this ratio gives the "number of days that on average money is tied up in stocks". The longer this is, obviously the worse this is for the business as the money is not available to be used elsewhere.

An stock turnover ratio of 20 means that the average amount of stock holding during the year has been renewed, or turned over, 20 times over the course of the year.

Dividing the number of days in the period under consideration by the turnover ratio tells you how many days it takes, on average, for the warehouse to empty and then be refilled. The number of days in a year, 365, divided by 20 is 18.25. So the entire stock is fully sold and replenished every 18.5 days, on average.

As a general rule, the higher the stock turnover ratio, the more efficient and profitable the firm. A high ratio means that the firm is holding a low level of average inventory in relation to sales.

Carrying stock ties up money. This money is either borrowed and carries an interest charge, or represents funds that could otherwise be better used in servicing other elements of the business.

There are additional costs in holding stocks such as storage and the risk of getting spoiled, breaking, being stolen, or simply going out of style.

Wherever possible companies need to reduce stock holdings and there are various means by which to achieve this aim:

Liquidate slow-moving or obsolete stocks.

Introduce more efficient production techniques to reduce stock holdings.

Rationalise the product range weeding out the under performers and thereby reduce stock carried.

Negotiate sale or return with suppliers in order to avoid being stuck with unwanted product.

 

A question of trust

 

 

As the various pressures increase on businesses the integrity of financial reporting has never been more crucial.

 

With companies and individuals desperate to achieve profit targets the potential for abuse may prove to be too much of a temptation
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It is important that systems are in place to prevent misreporting and in worse case scenarios fraud and these systems should be reviewed and rigorously checked.

The fallout from numerous banking scandals illustrate how vulnerable institutions are if their personnel choose or are allowed to camouflage the extent of their exposure to unanticipated market movements.

Fraud is not confined to any one business sector. Despite the increased presence of computer modelling to monitor risk there is always the “human element” which has to be considered.

 

Nobody has devised a fail-safe system which affords 100% comfort but in many instances a closer objective scrutiny would have given sufficient warning to have averted a train wreck.

Effective Stock control

 

Efficient stock control can limit the effects of problems in the supply chain whilst at the same time reduce the amount of capital which is being tied up with excessive stock.

Many companies have adopted the “just in time” ordering policy and as a result have little or no buffer stock.

Whilst this does translate to a reduction in working capital and lower storage costs there are potential problems such as the inability to deal with an unexpected spike in demand.
This policy also means that the purchasing company has little control and is therefore reliant on the efficiency of its suppliers.

The other side of the coin is to maintain a relatively high level of stock holding which ensures that the company never runs out of material and may afford some economies of scale by bulk buying.

As with all things it comes down to a judgement call.

 

The best measure is stock turnover ratio equals cost of goods sold during a specific time frame, divided by the average stock holding during the period.

 

The result of this ratio gives the "number of days that on average money is tied up in stocks".

The longer this is, obviously the worse this is for the business as the money is not available to be used elsewhere.

An stock turnover ratio of 20 means that the average amount of stock holding during the year has been renewed, or turned over, 20 times over the course of the year.

 

Dividing the number of days in the period under consideration by the turnover ratio tells you how many days it takes, on average, for the warehouse to empty and then be refilled.

 

The number of days in a year, 365, divided by 20 is 18.25. So the entire stock is fully sold and replenished every 18.5 days, on average.

 

As a general rule, the higher the stock turnover ratio, the more efficient and profitable the firm.

 

A high ratio means that the firm is holding a low level of average inventory in relation to sales.

Time to sharpen up

 

Every business transaction contains an element of risk, yet at the same time how satisfactory are the mechanics for managing risk?

In recent years we have witnessed just how costly the laissez faire attitude to risk was in many institutions from large corporations to smaller SME’s.

In the never ending quest for larger profits many of the disciplined measures of business were abandoned.

Analyses of recent business failures all have one common denominator – the architects of these calamities went hurtling over the cliff like lemmings.

There has never been a more pressing need to examine all areas of exposure; price risk, credit risk and liquidity risk.

It is imperative that appropriate credit checks are made on potential customers before sales are made.

Another element of risk is non-performance by suppliers so again it is vital that key suppliers are credit scored and suppliers risk is spread.

A thorough analysis of the current Debtors Book might make for uncomfortable reading but like most unpleasant tasks it should not be ducked.

It is far better to take remedial action such as a write down whilst you are in control of your own destiny rather than have a 3rd Party appointed to do it for you.

Beef up your credit control

 

Credit control has never been more vital than in today’s environment.

It must be a priority that all businesses ensure that their customers are settling invoices on time.

With slim operating margins the norm, very few companies can afford the spectre of significant bad debts.

The following are some procedures which companies can employ to increase the efficiency of credit control.

Set credit limits for each customer and review these regularly

Be concise in trading terms for example it is better to specify 30 days from date of invoice rather than 30 days from end of month.

Issue monthly statements detailing invoices paid and those outstanding.

Score your customers and set a collection policy accordingly.

Do not let overdue payments go unchallenged.

Evaluate aged debtors on a weekly basis.

Prioritise collections and press for settlement of the highest values first.

Have a plan of action if payment is not forthcoming within a set date.

Evaluate the efficiency of the Credit Control function, the best measure is Days Sales Outstanding (D.S.O).

DSO is important because the speed at which a company collects cash is important to its efficiency and overall profitability. The faster a company collects cash, the faster it can reinvest that cash to make more sales.

A relatively low DSO indicates that a company collects its receivables quickly, and a high DSOindicates the opposite.

Here is an example:

Total receivables - £4,600,000

Total Credit Sales - £9,000,000

Number of days in period 90

(4,600,000/ 9,000,000) x 90 = 46 days

In this example it takes 46 days (on the average) to collect the receivables.

The industry standard is for DSO to be no more than 10-15 days longer than the company’s standard terms of sale. So, if the standard terms are net 30 then the target for DSO is approx. 45 days or less.

There are times to hold and times to fold

 

In business as in poker there are times when discretion is the better part of valour.

Put simply, some of the best business deals are those you turn away.

All organisations operating in today’s climate need to have constant and rigorous focus on their commercial exposure.

Against the current competitive background it is obviously difficult to contemplate turning away business especially from a customer of long standing.

However an objective assessment may well lead to the conclusion that in this instance the business would be left to others.

Obviously turnover may well suffer when stricter controls are in place over such elements as payment terms and credit limits.

The reward or such fiscal discipline is obvious. Avoiding defaults by customers not only protects the company’s bottom line but allows focus to be placed on more profitable activities.

 

It’s always worth asking the difficult question

One recurring theme from the analysis of losses made in the financial sector is that the management were totally unaware of the risks which their institutions were running.

To be effective, risk management and risk controls rely on the people operating them.

As has been well documented all too often the corporate culture is dominated by fear and greed and these together make for a toxic combination.

When strategies fail and trading positions spiral out of control these two elements come very much to the fore. Fear can often lead to individuals embarking on an even more reckless course of action in the misguided belief that it will all come right – the gambler’s doubling up mentality.

At the same time recklessness is often driven by greed; the larger the risk the greater the reward should it prove to be a successful course of action.

Against this background it is incumbent on the management to ask the uncomfortable questions and not merely rely on the assurance that all is well and going to plan.

It is always worth remembering that if something looks too good to be true it invariably is.